Seeker's School of Mystery

The Pantheons and Mythology of the Mongolian People

Written by

Stephen Reza

in

Introduction

Mongolian mythology, a complex tapestry woven from Shamanistic traditions, Tengrism, and later Buddhist influences, reflects the nomadic ethos and spiritual landscape of the Central Asian steppes. This blog post offers an objective exploration of Mongolian pantheons, mythological narratives, and their evolution, drawing from historical texts, anthropological studies, and archaeological findings.

Historical Overview: Pre-Buddhist Shamanism and Tengrism

Mongolian spirituality originally centred on Tengrism, an animistic-shamanistic belief system venerating the eternal blue sky (Tengri) and earth (Etugen). Shamanism, practiced by böö (shamans), emphasized harmony with nature and ancestral spirits. Key elements included:

  • Tengri: The supreme sky god, symbolizing cosmic order and the divine authority of rulers.
  • Etugen/Eje: Earth goddess, embodying fertility and the natural world.
  • Natural Spirits: Deities of fire (Gal Eej), water (Lus), and mountains (Ovoos), each governing specific domains.

Key Deities and Spirits

  1. Tengri: Revered as the creator and sustainer, associated with the Eternal Blue Sky. Mongol khans claimed divine mandate (Khök Mongol) through Tengri.
  2. Etugen: Earth mother, linked to agrarian and pastoral prosperity.
  3. Ot Ene: Fire goddess, protector of the hearth and purifier of rituals.
  4. Lus: Water spirits inhabiting lakes and rivers, requiring appeasement to prevent misfortune.
  5. Altan Telgey: The Golden Button, a cosmological axis connecting heaven, earth, and the underworld.

Buddhist Influence and Syncretism

By the 16th century, Tibetan Buddhism (Lamaism) merged with indigenous beliefs under Altan Khan’s decree. Syncretism is evident in:

  • Integration of Deities: Buddhist figures like Avalokiteśvara (Migjid Janraisig) coexisted with Tengri.
  • Rituals: Shamanistic practices adapted Buddhist mantras and iconography, such as ovoo (cairn) ceremonies, which blended spirit worship and Buddhist prayers.

Mythological Narratives and Epics

  1. The Secret History of the Mongols (1240): Chronicles the divine origins of Genghis Khan, linking his lineage to the wolf (Börte Chino) and doe (Gua Maral).
  2. Geser Khan Epic: A pan-Mongolian hero tale influenced by Tibetan Gesar, depicting battles against demons and chaos.
  3. Creation Myths: Stories of the World Tree and cosmic egg, symbolizing the interconnectedness of life.

Rituals and Practices

  • Ovoos: Stone cairns marking sacred sites where offerings (milk, scarves) honour local spirits.
  • Tsam Dance: Buddhist ritual dances to ward off evil spirits, incorporating masked performances.
  • Fire Ceremonies: Invocations to Ot Ene for purification and blessings.

Modern Perspectives and Legacy

  • Soviet Suppression: Religious practices were suppressed in the 20th century, leading to a decline.
  • Revival: Post-1990 democratization spurred renewed interest in Shamanism and Buddhist-shaman syncretism.
  • Cultural Identity: Myths endure in festivals (Naadam) and oral traditions, reinforcing Mongol heritage.

Conclusion

Mongolian mythology, a dynamic interplay of Tengrism, Shamanism, and Buddhism, offers profound insights into the Mongol worldview. From Tengri’s celestial dominion to Geser’s heroic exploits, its deities and narratives underscore a cultural legacy resilient to historical upheavals. Today, these traditions continue to shape Mongolia’s spiritual and national identity.

Further Reading

  • Heissig, W. The Religions of Mongolia (1980).
  • Bira, S. Mongolian Historical Writing from 1200 to 1700 (2002).
  • Pegg, C. Mongolian Music, Dance, and Oral Narrative (2001).

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